200 g/L carbosulfan emulsifiable concentrate, registered for cotton aphids, 45-60 mL/mu, spray application.
Precaution 1:
请提供需要翻译的中文段落。Use is prohibited on vegetables, melons and fruits, tea, fungi, and Chinese medicinal herb crops.
This restriction and prohibition regulation is related to its parent compound.
I. Relationship Between Carbofuran and Carbosulfan
Carbosulfan is a derivative of carbofuran.
CarbofuranIt is a highly toxic pesticide that has been included in China's list of banned substances (production prohibited since 2023, and use prohibited since 2024). It is extremely toxic and poses severe hazards to birds and aquatic organisms.
CarbosulfanIt is a relatively low-toxicity alternative (moderate toxicity) that is primarily metabolized into carbofuran within plants to exert its insecticidal effect.
It is precisely because of this transformation relationship.The use scope of carbosulfan has been strictly restricted: it is permitted for use only on a limited number of non-directly-consumed crops. Cotton (for fiber use) is one of them.
This is the key background for understanding why it "has nothing left but cotton."
II. Mechanism of Action of Carbamates
Product Performance:
This product isCarbamate insecticidesInsecticide. It has systemic, contact, and stomach poisoning actions. With a relatively long residual effect, it can be used to control cotton aphids.
Its mechanism of action is similar to that of organophosphates, both beingInhibition of acetylcholinesteraseThis leads to disrupted nerve conduction. However, the binding of carbamates to acetylcholinesterase is reversible (whereas certain organophosphate compounds bind irreversibly), so acute toxicity is relatively manageable.
Please provide the Chinese paragraph you would like me to translate.Precisely because the targets are the same,There is cross-resistance between carbamates and organophosphates.Pests that have developed resistance to organophosphates are often also less susceptible to carbamates.
III. 45–60 mL/mu
200 g/LThe concentration is converted to a mass fraction of approximately 17%.
45-60 mL/mu is equivalent to approximately 9-12 g of active ingredient per mu.
The dosage range allows for 33% flexibility, corresponding toDegree of aphid infestation and cotton growth stagesUse the lower limit at the seedling stage when plants are small, and the upper limit at the bud and boll stage when plants are large.
IV. Value of Systemic Activity in the Control of Cotton Aphids
The cotton aphid mainlyUndersides of leaves and new shootsFeeding, and reproduces extremely rapidly.
The value of systemic activity.After being absorbed by the cotton plant, the insecticide is ingested by aphids when they feed on the sap. Even if the underside of the leaves is not completely covered during spraying, systemic translocation can still provide coverage.
Long residual efficacy.Product performance emphasizes this point. For rapidly reproducing aphids, a longer residual efficacy means fewer applications.
V. Water body risk: This section of precautions is very specific.
This product must not be applied directly to water bodies such as ponds, lakes, and rivers, or to marshes and wetlands. Drift from the application area or pesticide runoff by rainwater may pose a hazard to nearby aquatic organisms. Do not clean equipment or dispose of surplus pesticide near water sources to avoid water contamination.
Why is there such an emphasis on water bodies?Carbosulfan and its metabolite carbofuran onExtremely high toxicity to aquatic organisms (shrimp, crabs, fish).At extremely low concentrations, it can cause mortality.
Practical constraints请提供需要翻译的中文段落。
When applying pesticides to dryland fields (such as cotton fields) adjacent to paddy fields, attention should be paid to rainwater runoff.
Do not mix pesticides near ditches.
Empty bottles must not be discarded near water sources.
VI. Honeybees and Silkworms
This product is toxic to bees, fish and other aquatic organisms, and silkworms. During application, avoid effects on surrounding bee colonies, flowering...
For cotton sprayed during the flowering period, avoid bee activity times (early morning or evening). Use with caution near sericulture areas.
VII. Current Status of Resistance and Tool Degradation
This is an issue that must be confronted:Carbosulfan exhibits cross-resistance with organophosphates and other carbamates.However, cotton aphids have developed relatively high levels of resistance to these types of insecticides across cotton-growing regions in China.
The actual situation.The practical status of this product in the control of cotton aphids has declined, and it is now used more as a rotation option rather than a primary product.
Effective alternative directions请提供需要翻译的中文段落。
- Neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, thiamethoxam) — note that resistance to these insecticides is also increasing.
- Insect growth regulators (pyriproxyfen, sulfoxaflor)
- Afidopyropen (novel, with a unique mode of action)
- Biological control (releasing ladybirds and green lacewings, and conserving Aphidius wasps)
VIII. Application and Protection of Emulsifiable Concentrates
Two-stage dilutionEmulsifiable concentrate should be diluted first before topping up with water to the required volume.
Wear protective clothing, gloves, and a mask.Avoid skin contact and inhalation.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke during application.
Leftover pesticide solution must not be dumped at will.and must be disposed of as hazardous waste.
9. Do not allow contact with seeds: an often overlooked guideline.
Precaution 4: "Do not mix this product with alkaline pesticides or other such substances.Do not allow contact with seeds.请提供需要翻译的中文段落内容。
The statement "do not allow contact with seeds" is critical for cotton:
The cotton sowing period is close to the control period for aphids at the seedling stage.If this product is mistakenly used during seed dressing, or if the spray solution flows into the sowing furrow during application, seed germination may be affected.
The metabolite of carbosulfan, carbofuran, is a highly toxic substance.It affects seed germination and may also result in residues.
10. Prohibited in natural enemy release zones
Article 6 of the Precautions: "The release area for natural enemy insects such as Trichogramma spp. shall be prohibited.请提供需要翻译的中文段落。
Trichogramma is a parasitic natural enemy used for the control of lepidopteran pests such as the cotton bollworm. Carbosulfan is a broad-spectrum insecticide that kills released Trichogramma.
This point reflects the conflict between biological control and chemical control.— If the field is currently using Trichogramma to control cotton bollworm, this pesticide must not be applied.
11. Interval of 14 days or more
Note: The pre-harvest interval is not explicitly listed (refer to the label). Cotton is a fiber crop, and the interval is typically 14–21 days.
However, considering that carbosulfan is metabolized to carbofuran,Its actual management requirements are stricter than those for conventional insecticides.This item requires special verification against the product label.
XII. Resistance and Tool Degradation
This is an issue that must be confronted:Carbosulfan exhibits cross-resistance with organophosphates and other carbamates., while cotton aphids have generally developed heavy resistance to such insecticides in cotton-growing regions of China.
The actual situation.The practical status of this product in the control of cotton aphids has declined, and it is now used more as a rotation option rather than a primary product.
Effective alternative directions请提供需要翻译的中文段落。
Sulfoxaflor (sulfoximine class, unique mode of action)
Afidopyropen (novel)
- Insect growth regulator (pyriproxyfen)
- Biological control (releasing ladybirds and lacewings, and conserving Aphidius wasps)